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Related Concept Videos

Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data01:12

Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data

Analysis of population pharmacokinetic data involves studying the behavior of drugs within diverse populations to understand their pharmacokinetic parameters. Traditional pharmacokinetic methods typically involve collecting samples from a few individuals and estimating these parameters. While these methods are commonly used, they have limitations in capturing the variability in drug response among individuals or heterogeneous populations. Population pharmacokinetics is employed to address these...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Model-Independent Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Noncompartmental Analysis00:59

Model-Independent Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Noncompartmental Analysis

Noncompartmental analyses offer an alternative method for describing drug pharmacokinetics without relying on a specific compartmental model. In this approach, the drug's pharmacokinetics are assumed to be linear, with the terminal phase log-linear. This assumption allows for simplified analysis and interpretation of the drug's behavior in the body.
One important characteristic of noncompartmental analyses is that drug exposure increases proportionally with increasing doses. This relationship...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization
03:08

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

Phenome based analysis as a means for discovering context dependent clinical reference ranges.

Jeremy L Warner1, Gil Alterovitz

  • 1Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

AMIA ... Annual Symposium Proceedings. AMIA Symposium
|January 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Elevated white blood cell counts (WBC) in electronic medical records (EMRs) can delay Clostridium difficile diagnosis and treatment, increasing costs. Context-specific reference ranges are crucial for accurate clinical decision-making.

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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Medical Informatics
  • Clinical Pathology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Electronic medical records (EMRs) enable large-scale phenome analysis.
  • Understanding context-dependent phenomes is essential for clinical interpretation.
  • White blood cell count (WBC) is a common clinical feature with broad diagnostic implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the context-dependent phenome within an ICU-based EMR database (MIMIC II).
  • To investigate the association between specific white blood cell count (WBC) ranges and clinical diagnoses.
  • To determine if WBC levels influence the timeliness of Clostridium difficile diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Phenome visualization of the MIMIC II database.
  • Analysis of WBC counts in relation to diagnoses, specifically Clostridium difficile and bacterial sepsis.
  • Comparison of treatment initiation times for patients with different peak WBC levels.

Main Results:

  • A peak WBC range of 15-45 K/μl was strongly associated with diagnoses of Clostridium difficile and bacterial sepsis.
  • Clinicians demonstrated a significant delay in ordering targeted antimicrobials for C. difficile in patients with peak WBC in this range (median 135 vs. 85 hours).
  • These treatment delays were associated with increased hospitalization costs, estimated at an additional $3,000,000 for the cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Context-dependent clinical reference ranges are critical for accurate medical decision-making.
  • EMR-driven phenome association studies can uncover significant clinical insights.
  • Optimizing WBC interpretation in EMRs may improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.