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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Potentiometry: Overview01:06

Potentiometry: Overview

Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as the...
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...
Potentiometric Titration: Overview01:31

Potentiometric Titration: Overview

Potentiometric titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes in the solution. The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is the point at which there is a significant change in the potential difference. It occurs when the stoichiometric reaction between the analyte and the titrant is complete. The endpoint is usually determined graphically by plotting the measured potential...
Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique
10:28

Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique

Published on: March 24, 2023

Non-Severinghaus potentiometric dissolved CO2 sensor with improved characteristics.

Xiaojiang Xie1, Eric Bakker

  • 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.

Analytical Chemistry
|January 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A novel carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor, utilizing a carbonate-selective membrane, offers rapid 5-second responses without a liquid junction. This advancement enables accurate CO2 monitoring in diverse environments, including challenging samples like seawater and blood.

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Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research
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Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Published on: April 18, 2013

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique
10:28

Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique

Published on: March 24, 2023

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research
08:03

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Published on: April 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Sensing
  • Environmental Monitoring

Background:

  • Conventional CO2 probes, like the Severinghaus type, suffer from slow response times (up to 10 minutes) due to CO2 diffusion limitations.
  • Existing reference electrodes often require cumbersome liquid junctions, limiting sensor portability and application scope.
  • Accurate and rapid dissolved CO2 measurement is crucial for environmental, physiological, and industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, rapid-response carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor.
  • To demonstrate a sensor design that eliminates the need for a liquid junction-based reference element.
  • To evaluate the sensor's performance, including response time, Nernstian behavior, selectivity, and applicability in real-world samples.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a sensor system combining a pH glass electrode with a carbonate-selective membrane electrode incorporating a tweezer-type carbonate ionophore.
  • Measurement of dissolved CO2 using the developed sensor without a liquid junction reference.
  • Testing of sensor response time (t95%), Nernstian slope, and selectivity against common interfering ions (e.g., Cl-).
  • Application of the sensor in an aquarium setting to monitor diurnal CO2 fluctuations.

Main Results:

  • The novel sensor exhibits a fast response time (t95%) of 5 seconds, significantly outperforming conventional probes.
  • The sensor demonstrates an expected Nernstian divalent response slope for dissolved CO2 across a wide range of environmental and physiological partial pressures of CO2 (PCO2).
  • Selectivity analysis confirmed no interference from chloride ions, even at high concentrations, suggesting suitability for seawater and undiluted blood.
  • Stable and reproducible CO2 monitoring results were obtained during diurnal cycle measurements in an aquarium.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ion-selective CO2 sensor provides a significant advancement in sensing technology due to its rapid response and simplified design.
  • The absence of a liquid junction and high selectivity make this sensor suitable for challenging matrices such as seawater and blood.
  • The sensor's successful application in an aquarium demonstrates its practical utility for real-time environmental monitoring.