Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions01:27

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Letter Reply to "Mind the Postpartum Trough: Closing the Clofazimine Exposure Gap After Delivery in Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis".

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Population pharmacokinetics and safety of continuous oxacillin in preterm and term neonates and infants.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy·2026
Same author

Associations of Plasma and Breast Milk HIV RNA and Tenofovir Concentrations With Risk of Postnatal HIV Transmission During Breastfeeding Among Women With and Without ARV Exposure.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2026
Same author

PKRxiv: A Best Practice Model for Advancing Pharmacoequity Through Open Pharmacokinetic Data Sharing.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same author

Safety, antiviral activity, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir-rilpivirine in virologically suppressed adolescents living with HIV-1 (IMPAACT 2017/MOCHA): 48-week results of a multinational, phase 1/2, single-arm study.

The lancet. HIV·2026
Same author

Population Pharmacokinetics of Bictegravir During Pregnancy and Postpartum: Role of Adherence in Maintaining Therapeutic Exposure.

Journal of clinical pharmacology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons
09:11

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Published on: August 23, 2016

Reduced indinavir exposure during pregnancy.

Tim R Cressey1, Brookie M Best, Jullapong Achalapong

  • 1Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment (IRD URI 174), Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Institut de Recherché pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 174-PHPT, Marseille, France.

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|January 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Indinavir boosted with ritonavir (IDV/r) showed reduced exposure in pregnant women, with 30% not reaching target trough concentrations. Increasing the IDV/r dose during pregnancy may be necessary for adequate drug levels.

Keywords:
HIVantiretroviralspregnancyprevention of mother-to-child transmission

More Related Videos

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons
09:11

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Published on: August 23, 2016

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Maternal Health

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy is crucial for managing HIV in pregnant women.
  • Optimizing drug concentrations during pregnancy is essential for maternal and infant health.
  • Indinavir boosted with ritonavir (IDV/r) is an antiretroviral regimen used in HIV treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of indinavir boosted with ritonavir (IDV/r).
  • To assess IDV/r drug exposure during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum.
  • To determine if current dosing ensures adequate drug concentrations in pregnant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, non-blinded study (IMPAACT P1026s) enrolled 26 HIV-infected pregnant women in Thailand.
  • Participants received IDV/r 400/100 mg twice daily as part of clinical care.
  • Pharmacokinetic profiles were measured during the second and third trimesters and 6-12 weeks postpartum, comparing to established targets.

Main Results:

  • Indinavir exposure (AUC and Cmax) was significantly reduced in the second and third trimesters compared to postpartum.
  • Approximately 30% of women did not achieve the target trough concentration of 0.1 μg/mL.
  • The regimen was well-tolerated, with 21/26 women achieving viral loads <40 copies/mL at delivery and all infants born HIV-negative.

Conclusions:

  • Indinavir exposure is substantially lower during pregnancy compared to postpartum.
  • Current IDV/r dosing regimens may be insufficient to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations in pregnant women.
  • Consideration should be given to increasing the IDV/r dose to 600/100 mg twice daily during pregnancy to ensure efficacy.