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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells
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Connections between SNAREs and autophagy.

Kevin Moreau1, Maurizio Renna, David C Rubinsztein

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|January 12, 2013
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Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are crucial for autophagosome formation and fusion with lysosomes. This review explores SNAREs

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process for degrading and recycling cellular components.
  • This process involves the formation of double-membraned autophagosomes that engulf cytoplasmic material.
  • Autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes for degradation by lysosomal hydrolases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the role of SNAREs in autophagy.
  • To discuss the implications of SNAREs in autophagosome biogenesis and lysosomal fusion.
  • To explore the contribution of SNAREs to understanding the origin of autophagosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and data.
  • Analysis of the roles of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) in cellular processes.
  • Discussion of experimental findings related to autophagy and vesicular trafficking.

Main Results:

  • Recent data implicate SNAREs in key roles during autophagosome biogenesis.
  • SNAREs are also shown to be critical for the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes.
  • These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms governing autophagy.

Conclusions:

  • SNAREs play multifaceted roles in the autophagy pathway, from vesicle formation to cargo degradation.
  • Understanding SNARE function in autophagy is essential for elucidating the origin of autophagosomes.
  • Further research into SNAREs could reveal therapeutic targets for diseases associated with autophagic dysfunction.