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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
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Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

Endophthalmitis caused by Acinetobacter baumanni: a case series.

R Roy1, P Panigrahi, J Malathi

  • 1Vitreo Retina Services, Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. rayrupak@gmail.com

Eye (London, England)
|January 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Acinetobacter baumanni endophthalmitis is rare and has poor outcomes. Ciprofloxacin shows 100% sensitivity, making it a potential first-line treatment for this serious eye infection.

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Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
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Published on: August 4, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Endophthalmitis, a severe intraocular infection, can lead to vision loss.
  • Acinetobacter baumanni is an opportunistic pathogen increasingly recognized in healthcare-associated infections.

Observation:

  • This study analyzed four cases of Acinetobacter baumanni endophthalmitis in Eastern India (2009-2011).
  • Cases were predominantly post-cataract surgery or post-traumatic.
  • Acinetobacter baumanni was isolated from vitreous samples in all cases.

Findings:

  • All isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin but resistant to ceftazidime.
  • Visual and anatomical outcomes were generally poor, with one patient achieving 20/200 vision.

Implications:

  • Acinetobacter baumanni is a rare but devastating cause of endophthalmitis.
  • Ciprofloxacin is a promising first-line intravitreal antibiotic for Acinetobacter baumanni endophthalmitis.
  • Early diagnosis and targeted antibiotic therapy are crucial for managing this condition.