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Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct microscopic...

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

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Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Segmented tetrasulfonated copoly(arylene ether sulfone)s: improving proton transport properties by extending the

Shogo Takamuku¹, E Annika Weiber, Patric Jannasch

¹Department of Chemistry, Polymer and Materials Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund 221 00, Sweden.

|January 12, 2013

Summary

New tetrasulfonated ionomers show enhanced proton conductivity and phase separation compared to disulfonated counterparts. These segmented copolymers offer a promising alternative for fuel cell membranes, especially under reduced humidity.

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Area of Science:

Polymer Science
Materials Science
Electrochemistry

Background:

Segmented copoly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers are crucial for fuel cell membranes.
Optimizing proton transport efficiency and morphology is key for performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the proton-transport efficiencies and morphologies of tetrasulfonated and disulfonated segmented ionomers.
To evaluate the potential of novel tetrasulfonated monomers for fuel cell applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of a novel tetrasulfonated monomer (sBCPSBP).
Polycondensation reactions to create segmented copolymers with varying sulfonation.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for morphological analysis.
Proton conductivity measurements under varying relative humidity (RH).

Main Results:

Tetrasulfonated copolymers exhibit significantly larger phase separation lengths than disulfonated ones.
Enhanced phase separation leads to improved water uptake and proton transport.
Tetrasulfonated membranes show higher conductivity, especially at low RH and low-to-medium ionic content.
At 1 meq g(-1) and 30% RH, tetrasulfonated conductivity surpasses disulfonated conductivity at 90% RH.

Conclusions:

Segmented copolymers with tetrasulfonated units demonstrate superior proton transport capabilities.
These materials offer a viable, easier-to-synthesize alternative to complex sulfonated block/graft copolymers for fuel cell membranes.