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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

Hiatal Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Pleura of the Lungs

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: March 28, 2025

Intrathoracic extrapulmonary hydatid cysts.

Fouad Atoini¹, Aziz Ouarssani, Moulay Ahmed Hachimi

¹Department of Thoracic surgery, Military Hospital Moulay Ismail. Postal box: S 15. Meknes. Morocco.

The Pan African Medical Journal

|January 12, 2013

Summary

Hydatid disease, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, presents diagnostic challenges due to non-specific symptoms. This report details two intrathoracic extrapulmonary cases with multiple cysts, discussing their spread and surgical management.

Keywords:

Hydatid cyst extrapulmonary intrathoracic thoracic hydatid cyst

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: March 28, 2025

Area of Science:

Medical Parasitology
Thoracic Surgery
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Hydatid disease, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, remains a significant public health issue, particularly in developing nations.
Clinical presentation of echinococcosis is often vague, with symptoms varying based on cyst location, size, and complications.
The parasite exhibits tropism for virtually any organ or tissue within the human body.

Observation:

This report presents two unique cases of intrathoracic extrapulmonary hydatid cysts.
Both cases involved multiple cyst formations within the thoracic cavity.
The cysts were located outside the lungs, presenting a diagnostic and surgical challenge.

Findings:

The study discusses the pathophysiology of dissemination for Echinococcus granulosus, leading to extrapulmonary manifestations.
Surgical interventions and their outcomes for intrathoracic hydatid cysts are analyzed.
The challenge of diagnosing and managing multiple, extrapulmonary hydatid cysts is highlighted.

Implications:

Accurate understanding of Echinococcus granulosus dissemination is crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment.
Surgical strategies need to be tailored for complex cases of intrathoracic hydatid disease.
Raising awareness among clinicians about the diverse presentations of hydatid disease is essential for improved patient outcomes.