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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties02:56

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Charge-based forces at the Nafion-water interface.

Ronnie Das1, Gerald H Pollack

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. rdas@u.washington.edu

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interfacial water forms an "exclusion zone" near hydrophilic surfaces, creating a measurable electrostatic force. This force, confirmed by experiments, may influence biological processes like adhesion and protein folding.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Interfacial water exhibits distinct spectroscopic, mechanical, and electrical properties compared to bulk water.
  • This interfacial water, termed the "exclusion zone" (EZ), repels charged microspheres and shows a negative electrical potential (-100 mV).
  • A charge separation occurs, with protons accumulating in the bulk water beyond the EZ, hypothesizing an electrostatic force.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally confirm the hypothesized electrostatic force between the exclusion zone and the proton-enriched bulk water.
  • To quantify the magnitude of this electrostatic force.

Main Methods:

  • A hydrophilic Nafion ring was affixed to a deflectable ribbonlike force sensor.
  • The sensor was engineered to restrict proton flow, ensuring unilateral force measurement.
  • pH-sensitive dye confirmed proton confinement, and sensor deflection measured the force exerted by water exposure.

Main Results:

  • The force sensor deflected approximately 20 μm over 20 minutes when exposed to water.
  • This deflection corresponds to an electrostatic force of approximately 22 μN.
  • Proton confinement to one side of the sensor was confirmed by pH-sensitive dye measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental results confirm the existence of electrostatic forces generated by interfacial water exclusion zones.
  • These forces, arising from charge separation at hydrophilic surfaces, are significant.
  • If prevalent in biological systems, these forces could play crucial roles in phenomena such as cell adhesion and protein folding.