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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Jalesh N Panicker1, Marianne De Sèze, Clare J Fowler

  • 1Department of Uro-Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. j.panicker@ucl.ac.uk

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimal bladder and urethra function relies on complex neural control, impacting urinary tract health, especially in neurological conditions. Effective management of urinary dysfunction requires understanding its mechanisms and utilizing tools like bladder diaries and urodynamic tests.

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Real-Time Void Spot Assay
06:39

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
06:39

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The lower urinary tract performs urine storage and timely emptying.
  • Complex neural control from the brain to peripheral nerves governs bladder and urethra function.
  • Neurological diseases frequently cause urinary disturbances due to disrupted neural control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the evaluation and management of lower urinary tract dysfunction.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding neural control in urinary function.
  • To discuss diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for urinary disturbances.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical evaluation including history taking and bladder diaries.
  • Diagnostic imaging such as ultrasonography for assessing bladder emptying and upper tracts.
  • Urodynamic testing to evaluate bladder and outlet function, assessing detrusor pressure and risk of upper tract damage.

Main Results:

  • Impaired emptying is managed with clean-intermittent self-catheterization when postvoid residual urine is high or voiding is dangerous.
  • Storage symptoms are primarily treated with antimuscarinic medications.
  • Intradetrusor botulinum toxin type A injections show promise for treating detrusor overactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the mechanisms of lower urinary tract dysfunction is essential for effective management.
  • A combination of diagnostic methods aids in assessing and managing urinary issues.
  • Current treatments range from self-catheterization and medication to emerging therapies like botulinum toxin injections.