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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy
10:02

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

Published on: November 3, 2016

Cerebral palsy.

Ruth M Kent1

  • 1Rehabilitation Services, Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, UK. r.m.kent@leeds.ac.uk

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a lifelong condition impacting movement and participation. Evidence-based rehabilitation interventions can prevent long-term activity limitations and improve overall wellbeing for affected individuals.

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Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy
10:02

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Published on: November 3, 2016

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
08:26

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

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Abdominal Massage to Improve Motor Dysfunction in Rats with Cerebral Palsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic neurological disorder affecting movement and posture, leading to activity limitations.
  • While childhood interventions are common, young adults with CP often lack seamless transition to adult neurodisability services.
  • Underreported symptoms like pain and musculoskeletal issues, alongside societal barriers, contribute to reduced participation in adult life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence-based interventions for cerebral palsy (CP) across the lifespan.
  • To highlight the importance of multidisciplinary rehabilitation and transition to adult services.
  • To emphasize strategies for improving participation and wellbeing in individuals with CP.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of evidence-based interventions for cerebral palsy (CP).
  • Analysis of modalities across the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) levels.
  • Examination of rehabilitation, therapeutic, and supportive interventions.

Main Results:

  • Effective rehabilitation interventions include childhood surgery, orthoses, strength training, and electrical stimulation.
  • Management of spasticity, orthotics, and casting are beneficial.
  • Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy show positive outcomes; psychological interventions enhance wellbeing.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence-based interventions across ICF levels can prevent participation restrictions in cerebral palsy (CP).
  • Multidisciplinary rehabilitation and appropriate transition to adult services are crucial for lifelong management.
  • Addressing pain, continence, nutrition, and psychological wellbeing improves overall quality of life.