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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E virus: the current scenario.

Subrat Kumar1, Subhra Subhadra, Bhupinder Singh

  • 1School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Orissa, India. subrat_kumar@yahoo.com

International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute hepatitis, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. This review covers HEV

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Hepatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of acute hepatitis globally, especially in developing nations.
  • HEV has four genotypes (1-4), with genotypes 1 and 2 primarily infecting humans and causing large outbreaks via contaminated water.
  • Genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic, transmitted from animals like pigs, and can cause chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of Hepatitis E virus infection.
  • To discuss the molecular biology, pathobiology, and epidemiology of HEV.
  • To explore therapeutic interventions and strategies for HEV control, including vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in HEV research.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on HEV outbreaks and transmission routes.
  • Evaluation of current therapeutic approaches and vaccine efficacy studies.

Main Results:

  • HEV infection presents with high attack rates in young adults and severe outcomes in pregnant women (20-30% mortality).
  • Zoonotic transmission of HEV from animals to humans is a significant concern.
  • A subunit vaccine demonstrates efficacy but is not yet commercially available.

Conclusions:

  • HEV infection remains a major public health challenge, necessitating improved sanitation and water safety.
  • Understanding HEV's molecular biology and epidemiology is crucial for effective control.
  • Further research into vaccine development and therapeutic strategies is essential for combating HEV.