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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: August 30, 2020

Subdural hematoma from a cavernous malformation.

Anne J Schmitt1, Alim P Mitha2, Rasha Germain2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.

World Neurosurgery
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of a brain cavernous malformation presenting as a subdural hematoma is discussed. This finding suggests extralesional hemorrhage from the malformation caused the hematoma, a rare complication.

Keywords:
Cavernous malformationSubdural hematoma

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Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Vascular Malformations

Background:

  • Cavernous malformations are vascular anomalies that can cause neurological symptoms.
  • Subdural hematomas are collections of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.
  • Hemorrhage from cavernous malformations is a known complication, but typically intraparenchymal.

Observation:

  • A 27-year-old woman presented with symptoms mimicking a traumatic subdural hematoma.
  • Imaging revealed an enlarging subdural hematoma with an underlying temporal lobe mass.
  • Surgical resection confirmed a cavernous malformation adjacent to the hematoma.

Findings:

  • The subdural hematoma was attributed to extralesional hemorrhage from the cavernous malformation.
  • This presentation is unusual, as subdural bleeding from these lesions is rare.
  • Diagnostic imaging and intraoperative findings supported this etiology.

Implications:

  • This case highlights a rare cause of subdural hematoma.
  • It underscores the importance of considering vascular malformations in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous subdural hematomas.
  • Early diagnosis and surgical management are crucial for favorable outcomes.