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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
06:39

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Biomarkers in overactive bladder.

Alka A Bhide1, Rufus Cartwright, Vik Khullar

  • 1Department of Urogynaecology, St. Mary's Hospital, Cambridge Wing, Praed Street, W1 1NY London, UK.

International Urogynecology Journal
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urinary biomarkers like nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) show promise for diagnosing overactive bladder (OAB) and monitoring treatment response. Further research is needed to validate their clinical utility.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
06:39

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Biomarkers are crucial for disease assessment, including diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response.
  • Urinary biomarkers are gaining interest for evaluating overactive bladder (OAB).
  • Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are among the identified urinary biomarkers for OAB.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing literature on urinary biomarkers for overactive bladder (OAB).
  • To evaluate the potential role of specific urinary biomarkers in OAB diagnosis, progression, and treatment monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and controlled trials registries from 1970 to June 2012.
  • Search keywords included "OAB", "nerve growth factor" (NGF), "brain-derived neurotrophic factor" (BDNF), and other relevant terms.
  • A total of 20 studies (animal and human) investigating urinary biomarkers in OAB were identified and reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Urinary NGF levels were higher in OAB patients and decreased with antimuscarinic and botulinum toxin treatments.
  • Elevated urinary BDNF levels were observed in OAB patients and during acute bladder inflammation.
  • Urinary prostaglandins, cytokines, and C-reactive protein (CRP) did not show specificity for OAB.

Conclusions:

  • Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are the most promising urinary biomarkers for OAB identified to date.
  • These neurotrophic factors have the potential to aid in OAB diagnosis, potentially replacing urodynamics.
  • Further research is needed to establish NGF and BDNF as reliable tools for monitoring OAB disease progression and treatment response.