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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonding...
IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds00:55

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with varying...

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Infrared spectrum of formamide in the solid phase.

B Sivaraman1, B N Raja Sekhar, B G Nair

  • 1Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India. bsivaraman@ipc.iisc.ernet.in

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals a phase transition in solid formamide (CH3NO) between 155-165 K using infrared spectroscopy. Temperature changes significantly impact molecular vibrations, suggesting structural rearrangements.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Molecular spectroscopy
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Formamide is a fundamental organic molecule with applications in various chemical processes.
  • Understanding the solid-state behavior of formamide is crucial for its handling and application under different thermal conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temperature-dependent infrared (IR) spectra of solid formamide.
  • To identify any phase transitions and understand their molecular basis.
  • To explore the structural changes, including dimer rearrangement and polymer formation, in solid formamide.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of solid formamide samples at 30 K.
  • Annealing samples to higher temperatures up to 300 K.
  • Recording infrared transmission spectra across the entire temperature range.

Main Results:

  • The NH(2) vibrations in formamide were highly sensitive to temperature variations.
  • A distinct phase change was observed in solid formamide between 155 K and 165 K.
  • Spectral changes indicated a rearrangement of formamide dimers and proposed polymer formation at elevated temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Solid formamide undergoes a temperature-induced phase transition.
  • The observed spectral changes are linked to molecular rearrangements, specifically dimer-to-polymer transitions.
  • Infrared spectroscopy is a valuable tool for studying thermal phase transitions in molecular solids.