Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A PML1-CCL5-PI3K/MAPK feedback loop governs survival of endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells.

Cell death and differentiation·2026
Same author

Targeting the HIF1A-UCA1-PTBP3 axis: a potential therapeutic strategy for head and neck cancer.

BMC cancer·2025
Same author

Targeting the ERα DBD-LBD Interface with Mitoxantrone Disrupts Receptor Function through Proteasomal Degradation.

Molecular cancer therapeutics·2025
Same author

Mitoxantrone inhibits and downregulates ER <i>α</i> through binding at the DBD-LBD interface.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

The sequence-structure-function relationship of intrinsic ERα disorder.

Nature·2025
Same author

Assessment of targets of antibody drug conjugates in SCLC.

NPJ precision oncology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Chemical Dimerization-Induced Protein Condensates on Telomeres
08:52

Chemical Dimerization-Induced Protein Condensates on Telomeres

Published on: April 12, 2021

Post-translational modifications of PML: consequences and implications.

Xiwen Cheng1, Hung-Ying Kao

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA ; University Hospital of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA.

Frontiers in Oncology
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The tumor suppressor protein PML, found in nuclear bodies, is regulated by various post-translational modifications. This review explores how these modifications impact PML

Keywords:
PMLSUMOylationacetylationphosphorylationpost-translational modificationreviewsumo

More Related Videos

Assays for the Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in Cells
10:56

Assays for the Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in Cells

Published on: August 28, 2016

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications
09:29

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications

Published on: May 18, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Chemical Dimerization-Induced Protein Condensates on Telomeres
08:52

Chemical Dimerization-Induced Protein Condensates on Telomeres

Published on: April 12, 2021

Assays for the Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in Cells
10:56

Assays for the Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in Cells

Published on: August 28, 2016

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications
09:29

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications

Published on: May 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a crucial tumor suppressor.
  • PML is primarily located in distinct sub-nuclear structures known as PML nuclear bodies.
  • The precise mechanisms governing PML regulation by cellular stress and environmental factors require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of post-translational modifications (PTMs) affecting PML.
  • To highlight the complex regulatory roles of PTMs in PML's cellular functions.
  • To discuss the implications of these modifications for PML's role as a tumor suppressor.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on PML.
  • Analysis of research on post-translational modifications of PML.
  • Synthesis of findings on SUMOylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination of PML.

Main Results:

  • PML's function is extensively modulated by PTMs, including SUMOylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination.
  • These modifications add a complex regulatory network to PML's physiological activities.
  • Emerging evidence points to PML's active role in diverse cellular processes.

Conclusions:

  • Post-translational modifications represent a critical layer of regulation for the tumor suppressor PML.
  • Understanding these modifications is key to deciphering PML's multifaceted cellular roles.
  • Further research into PML PTMs will advance our knowledge of cellular regulation and cancer biology.