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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Published on: May 24, 2017

Can urinary cotinine predict nicotine dependence level in smokers?

Hyun-Suk Jung1, Yeol Kim, Jungsik Son

  • 1Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP
|January 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Urinary cotinine levels effectively measure nicotine dependence severity in smokers. This biomarker aids in clinical assessment, supporting smoking cessation efforts by identifying high dependence levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomarkers in Addiction Medicine
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Public Health Research

Background:

  • Nicotine dependence is a significant barrier to smoking cessation.
  • Reliable biomarkers for assessing nicotine dependence in clinical settings are lacking.
  • Urinary cotinine is a potential biomarker for nicotine exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the validity of urinary cotinine levels in reflecting nicotine dependence severity among active smokers.
  • To determine if urinary cotinine can differentiate levels of nicotine dependence.

Main Methods:

  • 381 active smokers were assessed using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).
  • Participants were categorized into low, moderate, and high nicotine dependence groups.
  • Urinary cotinine levels were analyzed using correlation, stepwise multiple regression, and ROC curve analyses.

Main Results:

  • Urinary cotinine levels positively correlated with FTND scores (r=0.567, P<0.001).
  • ROC analysis indicated urinary cotinine accurately predicted high nicotine dependence (AUC=0.82, P<0.001).
  • Higher education levels were inversely associated with nicotine dependence.

Conclusions:

  • Urinary cotinine levels are a valid and reliable biomarker for assessing nicotine dependence severity in active smokers.
  • This finding supports the clinical utility of urinary cotinine testing in smoking cessation programs.