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Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Sortilin receptor 1 predicts longitudinal cognitive change.

Chandra A Reynolds¹, Catalina Zavala, Margaret Gatz

¹Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. chandra.reynolds@ucr.edu

Neurobiology of Aging

|January 16, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The sortilin receptor 1 (SORL1) gene influences cognitive aging. Specific SORL1 variants and risk scores show sex-specific effects on memory and spatial abilities over time.

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Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Area of Science:

Genetics
Neuroscience
Cognitive Aging

Background:

The sortilin receptor 1 (SORL1) gene is linked to Alzheimer's disease risk.
Understanding SORL1's role in normal cognitive aging is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate associations between SORL1 variants, SNP risk scores, and longitudinal cognitive performance.
To examine age trends and sex-specific effects on cognitive trajectories.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 15 SORL1 variants and SNP set risk scores in 1609 Swedish individuals over 16 years.
Assessment of longitudinal verbal, spatial, memory, and perceptual speed performance.
Controlling for apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) and testing for sex-moderated effects.

Main Results:

Multiple SORL1 variants and SNP risk scores showed significant associations with cognitive trajectories, including spatial, episodic memory, and verbal abilities.
Five specific variants (rs11600875, rs753780, rs7105365, rs11820794, rs2070045) were linked across cognitive domains.
Sex-specific effects were observed, with notable differences in performance trajectories between men and women based on SORL1 genotype and risk scores.

Conclusions:

SORL1 genetic variations are associated with cognitive aging processes.
The impact of SORL1 on cognitive change may differ between men and women, highlighting potential sex-specific mechanisms in cognitive aging.