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Related Concept Videos

Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Blinding01:11

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
The Placebo Effect01:54

The Placebo Effect

The placebo effect occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.
False Memories01:18

False Memories

False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

Post-event information presented in a question form eliminates the misinformation effect.

Yuh-shiow Lee1, Kuan-Nan Chen

  • 1National Chung-Cheng University, Taiwan, R. O. C. psyysl@ccu.edu.tw

British Journal of Psychology (London, England : 1953)
|January 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Presenting post-event information as questions, not statements, can improve memory recall. This finding suggests question formats may enhance accurate memory retrieval and reduce misinformation effects in eyewitness testimony.

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Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

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Published on: November 14, 2018

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS): A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time
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Published on: December 18, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The misinformation effect describes how post-event information can alter memory recall.
  • Previous research indicates statements containing misinformation induce this effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how sentence structure (statement vs. question) influences the misinformation effect.
  • To determine if question formats can mitigate memory distortions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants viewed a film, then read a narrative with critical details presented as statements or questions.
  • A final cued-recall test assessed memory accuracy, with participants warned about post-event information.

Main Results:

  • Affirmative statements containing misinformation produced the classic misinformation effect.
  • Information presented in question form enhanced correct recall and reduced false recall, regardless of content.

Conclusions:

  • Sentence surface form significantly impacts memory recall and susceptibility to misinformation.
  • Question formats may leverage principles similar to the testing effect to improve memory accuracy.