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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
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An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

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Visual regulation of overarm throwing performance.

M A Urbin1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849-5323, USA. mau0003@auburn.edu

Experimental Brain Research
|January 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Athletes use visual feedback for late adjustments in overarm throwing, altering ball landing location without changing overall movement time. Specific kinematic adjustments varied among individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Overarm throwing is a complex motor skill requiring precise coordination.
  • Understanding how athletes adapt to changing visual targets is crucial for performance optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of visual feedback in making online adjustments during maximal-effort overarm throwing.
  • To determine if late-occurring visual corrections affect kinematic parameters and overall movement time.

Main Methods:

  • Eight experienced male baseball pitchers performed maximal overarm throws.
  • Target locations were static or translated horizontally upon stride-foot contact.
  • Ball landing position, release speed, and throwing kinematics were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Horizontal ball landing location adjusted towards translated targets.
  • Ball release speed decreased, and trunk/pelvis kinematics changed in all tested conditions compared to pretest.
  • No significant differences in movement time or specific kinematic strategies were observed between test conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Visual feedback enables late-stage corrections in overarm throwing, influencing accuracy without altering movement duration.
  • Athletes employ visually guided adjustments but do not consistently utilize the same kinematic strategies.

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