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Gene doping: an overview and current implications for athletes.

Toon van der Gronde1, Olivier de Hon, Hidde J Haisma

  • 1Department of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

British Journal of Sports Medicine
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene doping, using gene therapy for athletic enhancement, is a growing concern. Researchers identified key proteins like PPARδ and PEPCK-C with high abuse potential, complicating future anti-doping efforts.

Keywords:
AthleticsDopingDrug controlElite performanceGenetics/sex testing

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Area of Science:

  • Sports medicine
  • Molecular biology
  • Anti-doping science

Background:

  • Gene doping involves transferring nucleic acids or cells to enhance athletic performance.
  • It is a prohibited form of doping, though current evidence of its practice is inconclusive.
  • Advancements in gene therapy increase the likelihood of gene doping abuse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify proteins with significant gene doping potential.
  • To assess the risks and detectability of gene doping strategies.
  • To inform anti-doping controls regarding emerging gene doping methods.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a literature search (2006-2011) in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase.
  • Focused on proteins with current gene doping potential.
  • Evaluated proteins based on benefits, gene therapy experience, risks, and detection methods.

Main Results:

  • Identified 10 relevant proteins: erythropoietin, IGF, growth hormone, myostatin, VEGF, FGF, endorphin/enkephalin, α actinin 3, PPARδ, and PEPCK-C.
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARδ) and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) show high abuse potential.
  • Gene target combinations are expected to be preferred over single gene doping for efficiency, complicating detection.

Conclusions:

  • Gene doping poses a significant future threat to sports integrity.
  • PPARδ and PEPCK-C are key targets for potential gene doping abuse.
  • Combined gene doping strategies will challenge current and future anti-doping detection capabilities.