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Related Concept Videos

Goodness-of-Fit Test01:16

Goodness-of-Fit Test

The goodness-of-fit test is a type of hypothesis test which determines whether the data "fits" a particular distribution. For example, one may suspect that some anonymous data may fit a binomial distribution. A chi-square test (meaning the distribution for the hypothesis test is chi-square) can be used to determine if there is a fit. The null and alternative hypotheses may be written in sentences or stated as equations or inequalities. The test statistic for a goodness-of-fit test is given as...
Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests01:19

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n) to the number of categories (k).
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

Bioequivalence: Overview

Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.

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Related Experiment Videos

How good is "good enough"?

Thoralf M Sundt1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. tsundt@partners.org

JAMA Surgery
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Endoscopic vein-graft harvesting for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery shows similar long-term survival compared to open harvesting. However, it is linked to fewer wound complications at the harvest site.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Minimally Invasive Techniques
  • Health Outcomes Research

Background:

  • The safety and long-term efficacy of endoscopic vein-graft harvesting (EVH) in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery have been debated.
  • This study aimed to compare long-term outcomes between EVH and traditional open vein-graft harvesting (OVH) in a large Medicare patient cohort.

Discussion:

  • Propensity score adjustment was used to control for baseline differences between patients undergoing EVH and OVH.
  • Longitudinal assessment allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events.

Key Insights:

  • EVH and OVH demonstrated comparable long-term all-cause mortality rates and composite outcomes of death, myocardial infarction, and revascularization after CABG surgery.
  • EVH was associated with a statistically significant reduction in harvest site wound complications compared to OVH.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Adjusted hazard ratios indicated no increased risk for mortality or adverse composite outcomes with EVH.

    • Outlook:

    • The findings support the safety and efficacy of EVH as an alternative to OVH in CABG surgery.
    • Further research could explore patient-reported outcomes and cost-effectiveness of EVH versus OVH.
    • Continued surveillance of long-term outcomes will refine best practices in vein-graft harvesting techniques.