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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains the...
Structure of Lipids03:38

Structure of Lipids

Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic birds and...
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
What are Lipids?01:38

What are Lipids?

Overview
What are Lipids?01:31

What are Lipids?

Lipids function as structural components of cellular membranes, in addition to acting as energy reservoirs and signaling molecules. They are thus crucial to all living organisms.  The three biologically important classes of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Non-Polar and Hydrophobic Characteristics of Lipids
Lipids are a structurally and functionally diverse group of hydrocarbons—compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds...

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Investigating the Protective Effects of Platycodin D on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Palmitic Acid-Induced In Vitro Model
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Is there something special about palmitoleate?

Leanne Hodson1, Fredrik Karpe

  • 1Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. leanne.hodson@ocdem.ox.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Palmitoleate (16:1 n-7) is abundant in human tissues, but current evidence does not support its role as a lipokine. Further research is needed to understand its tissue-specific synthesis and potential functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Human Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Palmitoleate (16:1 n-7) is a monounsaturated fatty acid gaining attention as a potential 'lipokine'.
  • Its abundance in human blood lipid pools and adipose tissue suggests significant endogenous synthesis.
  • Understanding palmitoleate's unique metabolic role is crucial for human health research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review existing human evidence on palmitoleate.
  • To determine if palmitoleate exhibits unique 'lipokine' properties in humans.
  • To investigate the tissue-specific synthesis and compartmentalization of palmitoleate.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of human studies.
  • Analysis of dietary intervention studies.
  • Assessment of palmitoleate levels in various lipid pools and tissues.

Main Results:

  • Palmitoleate is the second most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in human blood lipids, despite low dietary intake.
  • Endogenous synthesis significantly influences palmitoleate levels, showing tissue and depot specificity.
  • Dietary interventions with palmitoleate-rich foods yielded inconclusive results on metabolic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Current human studies lack strong evidence for palmitoleate's 'lipokine' effects.
  • Palmitoleate exhibits distinct compartmentalization and tissue-specific formation, warranting further investigation.
  • The unique biological role of palmitoleate in humans remains an open area for research.