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Related Concept Videos

The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be interpreted as...
The Influence of Affect on Cognition01:29

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...
Physiology of Emotion01:20

Physiology of Emotion

The physiology of emotions is a multifaceted process involving the autonomic nervous system, brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters. This intricate interplay dictates how emotions manifest in the body and influence behavior.
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a critical role in emotional responses by regulating involuntary physiological functions. It consists of two main components: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system...
Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction01:24

Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction

Affect plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal evaluations and perceptions. Emotions influence how individuals judge and respond to others, often determining whether interactions are viewed positively or negatively. This effect can manifest directly through interactions with the person in question or indirectly via associations with unrelated emotional experiences.Direct Effects of Affect on AttractionAffect directly influences interpersonal attraction when a person’s behavior elicits...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Cortical control of affective networks.

Sunil Kumar1, Sherilynn J Black, Rainbo Hultman

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Optogenetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) projection neurons in mice shows antidepressant-like effects. This approach modulates neural oscillations in brain areas regulating mood, suggesting a potential therapy for affective disorders.

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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation
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Published on: March 14, 2025

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation
14:04

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

Published on: August 26, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Treatment-refractory depression lacks effective therapies.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation show promise but their mechanisms are unclear.
  • Understanding the neural circuitry of these therapies is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of optogenetically stimulating prefrontal cortex (PFC) projection neurons.
  • To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effects of PFC stimulation.
  • To explore PFC stimulation as a novel therapeutic strategy for affective disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Optogenetic stimulation of layer V pyramidal neurons in Thy1-Chr2 mice.
  • Behavioral testing including forced-swim and social stress tests.
  • Multicircuit electrophysiological recordings to analyze neural activity and oscillations.

Main Results:

  • Direct optogenetic stimulation of PFC projection neurons produced antidepressant-like effects in mice.
  • PFC stimulation led to long-lasting suppression of anxiety-like behavior.
  • Activation of PFC neurons entrained neural oscillations and synchronized activity across limbic areas.

Conclusions:

  • Direct activation of cortical projection systems can modulate brain networks involved in affective regulation.
  • Optogenetic stimulation of PFC projection systems is sufficient to induce therapeutic effects.
  • This approach offers a potential novel therapeutic strategy for affective disorders.