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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram
06:12

Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram

Published on: March 13, 2018

Peri-saccadic natural vision.

Michael Dorr1, Peter J Bex

  • 1Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. michael.dorr@schepens.harvard.edu

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The visual system adapts to eye movements by adjusting sensitivity, enhancing perception after saccades, and processing information in world coordinates, not just retinal ones. This research uses natural stimuli for accurate insights.

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VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation
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VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vision Science
  • Perception

Background:

  • The visual system guides behavior using non-homogeneous retinas and saccadic eye movements.
  • Saccades cause high-speed retinal motion, decoupling external and internal reference frames.
  • Previous studies used unnatural stimuli, confounding coordinate systems and functional ranges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate visual system compensation mechanisms during naturalistic eye movements.
  • To analyze visual sensitivity changes during peri-saccadic vision using natural movies.
  • To differentiate between retinal and world-based coordinate systems in perception.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a real-time, gaze-contingent display for high-definition natural movies.
  • Compared visual sensitivity in active (free viewing) and passive (central fixation) conditions.
  • Human observers detected contrast increments relative to gaze position during natural viewing.

Main Results:

  • Reduced visual sensitivity during saccades is explained by high retinal speed, not active suppression.
  • Evidence of enhanced sensitivity post-saccade suggests receptive field remapping.
  • Perceptual decisions are made in world coordinates, not solely retinal coordinates.

Conclusions:

  • The visual system employs sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to the challenges of saccadic eye movements.
  • Naturalistic stimuli reveal that visual processing is anticipatory and utilizes global spatial information.
  • This study clarifies peri-saccadic visual processing and perceptual coordinate systems.