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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Bioavailability: Overview01:13

Bioavailability: Overview

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

An Acetyl-Click Chemistry Assay to Measure Histone Acetyltransferase 1 Acetylation
05:44

An Acetyl-Click Chemistry Assay to Measure Histone Acetyltransferase 1 Acetylation

Published on: January 26, 2024

"Clickable" vitamin B12 derivative.

Mikołaj Chromiński1, Dorota Gryko

  • 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new "clickable" vitamin B12 derivative with an azide group was synthesized. This compound readily participates in click chemistry reactions, forming triazoles with high yields.

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Bioorganic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a crucial biomolecule with diverse biological roles.
  • Developing functionalized vitamin B12 analogs is important for biochemical and biomedical applications.
  • Click chemistry offers efficient and reliable methods for molecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a novel vitamin B12 derivative functionalized with an azide group at the 5 eal;-position.
  • To evaluate the utility of this azide-functionalized vitamin B12 in click chemistry reactions.
  • To characterize the synthesized compound and explore the reaction conditions.

Main Methods:

  • A two-step synthesis starting from cobalamin.
  • Mesylation of cobalamin followed by azide displacement.

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  • Structure confirmation using X-ray crystallography.
  • Azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful gram-scale synthesis of the 5 eal;-azido vitamin B12 derivative.
    • Confirmation of the synthesized structure via X-ray analysis.
    • High yields of substituted triazoles formed through click chemistry.
    • Optimization of reaction conditions and demonstration of reaction scope.

    Conclusions:

    • The synthesized 5 eal;-azido vitamin B12 is a versatile building block for click chemistry.
    • This derivative enables the efficient conjugation of vitamin B12 to other molecules via triazole linkages.
    • The study provides a robust method for creating functionalized vitamin B12 conjugates for potential applications.