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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.

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Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains
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Clinicopathologic differences among patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.

Mario F Mendez1, Simantini J Karve, Kanida Tassniyom

  • 1Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.

Neurology
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) patients with Alzheimer

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Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
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Published on: December 18, 2016

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

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Published on: June 3, 2020

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Published on: December 18, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a clinical syndrome with diverse underlying pathologies.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on correlating clinical presentation with neuropathologic findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize presenting symptoms in patients diagnosed with bvFTD based on autopsy-confirmed neuropathology.
  • To differentiate clinical features across distinct neuropathologic subtypes of bvFTD.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 107 patients with clinical bvFTD and available neuropathologic data (2005-2011).
  • Categorization into bvFTD with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (bvFTD-FTLD) (n=74) and Alzheimer disease (bvFTD-AD) (n=21).
  • Further subdivision of bvFTD-FTLD into tau-positive (n=23) and tau-negative (n=51) subgroups for symptom comparison.

Main Results:

  • bvFTD-FTLD patients more often presented with personality changes and impaired judgment compared to bvFTD-AD.
  • bvFTD-AD patients were more likely to exhibit memory difficulties, delusions, hallucinations, and agitation.
  • Within bvFTD-FTLD, tau-positive cases showed more initial behavioral/personality changes, while tau-negative cases had more cognitive and speech issues.

Conclusions:

  • Alzheimer disease pathology can mimic bvFTD, especially with early onset and neuropsychiatric features.
  • Tau-positive bvFTD cases often present with behavioral and personality changes.
  • Distinguishing clinical features aid in the antemortem recognition of bvFTD neuropathologic subtypes.