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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Lateral approaches to the skull base.

E Zanoletti1, A Martini, E Emanuelli

  • 1Otochirurgia-Otorinolaringoiatria Az.Ospedaliera-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy. elisabetta.zanoletti@tiscali.it

Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica : Organo Ufficiale Della Societa Italiana Di Otorinolaringologia E Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advancements in skull base surgery, including microsurgery and improved diagnostics, have refined anatomical knowledge and surgical approaches. This study simplifies the numerous lateral skull base approaches by returning to foundational techniques.

Keywords:
Lateral skull baseMicrosurgery of the skull baseSkull base approaches

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Skull Base Anatomy

Background:

  • Progress in skull base anatomy and lesion study has improved site knowledge.
  • Advanced diagnostics and microsurgical tools have enhanced skull base microsurgery.
  • Numerous lateral skull base approaches have been developed by pioneering surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simplify the understanding of various lateral skull base approaches.
  • To retrace current techniques to their original, basic steps.
  • To provide clarity amidst the multitude of described surgical methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of representative publications on skull base surgery.
  • Analysis of personal surgical experience with lateral approaches.
  • Retracing surgical techniques to foundational principles.

Main Results:

  • Identification of core principles underlying diverse lateral skull base approaches.
  • Demonstration of how refinements have led to a complex array of techniques.
  • Establishment of a simplified framework for understanding these approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Microsurgical advancements have led to a proliferation of skull base approaches.
  • Simplifying these techniques by returning to basic steps enhances clarity.
  • A foundational understanding is crucial for navigating complex lateral skull base surgery.