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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
07:45

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

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Autonomously functioning nodule arising from accessory mediastinal thyroid tissue.

Karuppiah Kumaresan1, N Sudhakar Rao, A Ram Mohan

  • 1KK Nuclear Scans, Raj Bhavan Road, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, India.

Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine : IJNM : the Official Journal of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, India
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reports a rare case of a functioning thyroid adenoma found in the mediastinum. Technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate scintiscan confirmed the ectopic thyroid tissue diagnosis.

Keywords:
Accessory mediastinal thyroidautonomously functioning adenomamediastinal thyroid

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Published on: November 28, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Thyroid functional imaging with Technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate is standard for evaluating thyroid conditions.
  • Scintigraphy aids in detecting ectopic thyroid tissue from congenital anomalies and diagnosing autonomous nodules.

Observation:

  • A rare case of autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma was identified.
  • The adenoma was located in an ectopic focus within the mediastinum.

Findings:

  • Scintiscan visualized the "hot" nodule in the ectopic thyroid tissue.
  • Activity in the surrounding thyroid gland was suppressed, characteristic of autonomous function.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering ectopic thyroid tissue in the mediastinum.
  • Nuclear imaging is crucial for diagnosing rare presentations of thyroid adenomas.