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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.

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Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Motor control and neural plasticity through interhemispheric interactions.

Naoyuki Takeuchi1, Yutaka Oouchida, Shin-Ichi Izumi

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Cho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. naoyuki@med.hokudai.ac.jp

Neural Plasticity
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Summary

Interhemispheric interactions, crucial for brain function, are influenced by factors like age and training. Noninvasive brain stimulation shows promise in rehabilitating stroke patients by improving these connections.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • The corpus callosum, the brain's largest white matter tract, facilitates communication between cerebral hemispheres.
  • Interhemispheric interactions are vital for independent hemispheric processing and integrated brain function.
  • Neurological disorders and injuries like stroke can disrupt these crucial connections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of interhemispheric interactions.
  • To explore how factors like sex, age, and training affect these interactions.
  • To discuss the application of noninvasive brain stimulation in clinical rehabilitation for conditions affecting interhemispheric communication.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological methods (transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroencephalography) assess functional integrity.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provide insights into structural and functional connectivity.
  • Review of existing literature on neurological disorders, brain stimulation, and rehabilitation.

Main Results:

  • Interhemispheric interactions are influenced by corpus callosum size, sex, age, and motor training.
  • Neurological conditions and injuries can impair interhemispheric communication directly or indirectly.
  • Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have demonstrated efficacy in improving interhemispheric interactions in stroke patients.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding interhemispheric interactions is key to addressing neurological impairments.
  • Noninvasive brain stimulation offers a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions.
  • Cortical reorganization through rehabilitation strategies can restore or improve brain function after injury.