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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

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Published on: August 21, 2017

Antigen processing for MHC presentation via macroautophagy.

Monique Gannage1, Rosa Barreira da Silva1, Christian Münz2

  • 1Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macroautophagy, a cellular process, plays a key role in immunity by influencing antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells. This study details methods to monitor and manipulate macroautophagy for understanding its role in adaptive immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Macroautophagy is a catabolic process crucial for both innate and adaptive immunity.
  • It facilitates antigen presentation to MHC class II molecules, influencing T cell responses.
  • Its role extends to enhancing extracellular antigen delivery by accelerating phagosome maturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe experimental methods for monitoring and manipulating macroautophagy in antigen processing.
  • To investigate the role of macroautophagy in antigen presentation to MHC class II.
  • To understand how macroautophagy shapes CD4(+) T cell responses in pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring autophagic flux and autophagosome fusion with MHC class II loading compartments.
  • Targeting proteins to autophagosomes to track macroautophagy-dependent antigen processing.
  • Silencing macroautophagy in antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs).

Main Results:

  • Established methods to monitor autophagic processes related to antigen presentation.
  • Demonstrated protein targeting to autophagosomes for tracking macroautophagy-driven antigen processing.
  • Provided protocols for silencing macroautophagy in dendritic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Macroautophagy is a significant pathway for antigen processing and presentation.
  • Experimental tools are available to study and manipulate macroautophagy's role in immunity.
  • Understanding macroautophagy is vital for developing strategies against infections and cancer.