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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

Pediatric herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a retrospective multicenter experience.

Lena Schleede¹, Wolfgang Bueter, Sara Baumgartner-Sigl

¹Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. Lena.Schleede@rwth-aachen.de

Journal of Child Neurology

|January 19, 2013

Summary

Pediatric herpes simplex virus encephalitis diagnosis is challenging, often lacking early neurological signs. Early diffusion-weighted neuroimaging is crucial, and while relapses occur, overall outcomes for children treated with acyclovir are generally good.

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The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Published on: April 19, 2024

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Pediatrics

Background:

Pediatric herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) knowledge is limited.
Diagnosis is often delayed due to non-specific initial symptoms.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis can be normal in early stages.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize diagnostic challenges and outcomes of pediatric HSVE.
To evaluate the utility of neuroimaging and treatment responses.
To understand the characteristics of HSVE relapses in children.

Main Methods:

Retrospective summary of 37 pediatric cases (6 neonates, 32 children).
Diagnosis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serology.
Clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, neuroimaging, and treatment outcomes were analyzed.

Main Results:

Diagnosis was difficult, with only 15 patients initially showing neurological symptoms.
Diffusion-weighted neuroimaging proved to be the most sensitive early diagnostic tool.
Eight patients experienced early relapses despite acyclovir treatment, with some responding to corticosteroids.
Overall outcomes were good, with no deaths and 14 asymptomatic patients at discharge.

Conclusions:

Early diagnosis of pediatric HSVE requires high clinical suspicion and advanced imaging.
Relapses can occur and may suggest inflammatory processes, necessitating further treatment.
Prompt treatment with acyclovir, and potentially corticosteroids for relapses, leads to favorable outcomes in most pediatric HSVE cases.