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iPS Cell Differentiation

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

Cellular Differentiation

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Germ cell differentiation from pluripotent cells.

Jose V Medrano¹, Renee A Reijo Pera, Carlos Simón

¹Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain. jose.medrano@ivi.es

Seminars in Reproductive Medicine

|January 19, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Infertility is rising due to aging and toxins, impacting gamete quality. Pluripotent stem cells offer a new in vitro model to study human germline development and potentially improve fertility treatments.

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Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: May 15, 2020

Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Stem cell research
Developmental biology

Background:

Infertility is a growing concern in Western societies, linked to environmental toxins, genetics, and delayed childbearing.
Poor gamete quality (sperm and eggs) is a significant factor contributing to infertility.
Understanding human germline development is crucial for addressing infertility but is hindered by the inaccessibility of human embryos for molecular analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current advancements in deriving germ cells from pluripotent stem cells.
To highlight the potential of pluripotent stem cells as an in vitro model for studying human germline development.
To explore how this research can inform the development of novel fertility treatments.

Main Methods:

Review of existing scientific literature on germline differentiation from pluripotent stem cells.
Analysis of studies utilizing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Examination of the in vitro differentiation protocols and outcomes for germ cell development.

Main Results:

Pluripotent stem cells, including hESCs and iPSCs, can differentiate into cells of all three primary germ layers.
Successful in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into germ cells has been achieved in various studies.
These in vitro models provide unprecedented access to study human germline development.

Conclusions:

Pluripotent stem cell differentiation offers a promising avenue for studying human germline development in vitro.
This approach may overcome limitations associated with direct analysis of human development.
Further research holds potential for developing new therapeutic strategies for infertility caused by poor gamete quality.