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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies
10:31

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Published on: October 25, 2018

Allergen-specific immunotherapy: update on immunological mechanisms.

M Alvaro1, J Sancha, H Larramona

  • 1Sección de Alergia y Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.

Allergologia Et Immunopathologia
|January 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Specific immunotherapy is the only cure for type I allergies. It works by gradually increasing allergen doses to retrain the immune system, inducing tolerance and suppressing allergic inflammation.

Keywords:
Allergen-specific immunotherapyImmunological mechanisms

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Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Allergic inflammation involves complex immune responses.
  • Specific immunotherapy is the only curative treatment for type I allergies.
  • Understanding early cellular changes is crucial for optimizing treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe allergic inflammation.
  • To comprehend early cellular changes post-immunotherapy initiation.
  • To elucidate mechanisms of tolerance induction by regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th2 response inhibition.
  • To explain the roles of IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β).
  • To detail changes in specific IgE, IgG, and IgA.
  • To describe the suppression of inflammatory responses during immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Gradual administration of increasing allergen doses.
  • Monitoring of immunological changes, including cellular responses and antibody levels.
  • Analysis of regulatory T cell (Treg) activity and cytokine profiles (IL-10, TGF-β).

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy selectively modulates allergen-specific immune responses.
  • Induction of protective immunological changes leading to tolerance.
  • Inhibition of Th2 responses mediated by Treg cells.
  • Alterations in specific antibody levels (IgE, IgG, IgA) indicating immune modulation.
  • Suppression of inflammatory responses.

Conclusions:

  • Specific immunotherapy is a curative approach for type I allergies.
  • The treatment induces tolerance by modulating immune responses.
  • Mechanisms involve Treg cells, specific cytokine production, and antibody shifts.
  • Further comprehension aids in refining immunotherapy protocols.