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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

MicroRNAs in somatic cell reprogramming.

Xichen Bao¹, Xihua Zhu, Baojian Liao

¹Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

|January 22, 2013

Summary

MicroRNAs play a crucial role in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation and function. Manipulating microRNAs can create iPSCs without transcription factors and predict their differentiation potential.

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Published on: November 26, 2018

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

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Published on: January 1, 2018

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Molecular biology
Epigenetics

Background:

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated using exogenous transcription factors.
Reprogramming involves significant changes in cellular functions, including microRNA profiles.
MicroRNAs are key regulators in cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the active role of microRNAs in the reprogramming process.
To explore the impact of microRNA manipulation on iPSC generation and characteristics.
To determine if microRNA expression can predict the differentiation potential of iPSCs.

Main Methods:

Overexpression and suppression of individual microRNAs.
Combinatorial manipulation of microRNAs.
Analysis of colony formation efficiency.
Assessment of microRNA expression in iPS/ES cells.
Evaluation of differentiation potential.

Main Results:

MicroRNA manipulation significantly affects colony formation efficiency during reprogramming.
Specific microRNA combinations can generate iPSCs without exogenous transcription factors.
Variations in microRNA expression in iPSCs/ESCs correlate with their differentiation potential.

Conclusions:

MicroRNAs are active participants, not just bystanders, in the reprogramming process.
Targeting microRNAs offers a novel strategy for generating iPSCs and controlling their developmental trajectory.
Further research into microRNA roles in stem cells is essential for in vitro studies and clinical applications.