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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Published on: September 2, 2025

ACL tear.

¹Centre orthopédique Santy, 24, avenue Paul-Santy, Lyon, France. pierre.chambat@wanadoo.fr

Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research : OTSR

|January 22, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has advanced significantly due to improved anatomical understanding and surgical techniques. Modern approaches focus on precise bundle reconstruction and remnant preservation for better outcomes.

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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Published on: September 2, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Sports medicine
Anatomy

Background:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has undergone significant evolution over three decades.
Advances are driven by a deeper understanding of ACL anatomy, including femoral and tibial insertions of its two bundles.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the historical progression and current state of ACL reconstruction techniques.
To highlight the shift from single to double bundle reconstruction and the integration of remnant preservation.

Main Methods:

Historical review of ACL reconstruction techniques.
Analysis of anatomical understanding and its impact on surgical approaches.
Discussion of evolving concepts like double bundle and remnant-preserving reconstruction.

Main Results:

Early techniques focused on single bundle reconstruction (anteromedial bundle).
Double bundle reconstruction emerged to address rotational laxity.
Current trends emphasize selective reconstruction for partial tears and biological reconstruction with remnant conservation.

Conclusions:

ACL reconstruction techniques are diverse and tailored to specific lesion types and remnant conditions.
Understanding ACL bundle anatomy and remnant status is crucial for optimal surgical strategy.