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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Schemas01:42

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Actively learning object names across ambiguous situations.

George Kachergis1, Chen Yu, Richard M Shiffrin

  • 1Department of Psychological & Brain Science/Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. gkacherg@indiana.edu

Topics in Cognitive Science
|January 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active learning enhances word acquisition by allowing learners to direct attention, unlike passive learning. Surprisingly, repeating multiple word-object pairs per trial leads to better learning outcomes than repeating single pairs.

More Related Videos

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Word learning often relies on observing word-object co-occurrences in ambiguous contexts.
  • Real-world learners are active, influencing their environment and signaling attention, which teachers can use for instruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of active versus passive learning in cross-situational word learning.
  • To investigate learner strategies and their impact on word acquisition.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel active learning paradigm where learners selected objects for naming.
  • Compared active learning performance to passive learning in a word learning task.
  • Analyzed learner strategies, focusing on repetition patterns.

Main Results:

  • Learners demonstrated superior performance in the active learning condition.
  • The most common strategy involved immediate repetition to disambiguate word-object pairings.
  • Learners repeating multiple pairs per trial outperformed those repeating only one pair per trial.

Conclusions:

  • Active learning paradigms facilitate more effective cross-situational word learning compared to passive methods.
  • Learner strategies, particularly the extent of repetition, significantly influence learning outcomes.
  • Individual differences in working memory may correlate with strategy effectiveness.