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Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Overview of the Vascular System01:20

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The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
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Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Updated: May 15, 2026

Laparoscopic Anatomical Right Hemihepatectomy via the In Situ Anterior Approach
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Infantile hemangiomas: an update.

Eun-Kyung Mary Kwon1, Marcia Seefeldt, Beth A Drolet

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, TBRC, 2nd Floor, Suite C2010, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
|January 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Infantile hemangioma (IH) management is complex. This review details identifying and treating high-risk IHs, guiding clinicians on when to use systemic therapies like beta-blockers.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Dermatology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Clinical Oncology

Background:

  • Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a common benign vascular tumor in infants.
  • Complications like ulceration, visual impairment, airway issues, and disfigurement can occur.
  • Predicting which IHs require systemic treatment remains challenging for clinicians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the identification, evaluation, and management of high-risk infantile hemangiomas.
  • To outline indications for systemic treatment of IH.
  • To discuss the use of systemic therapies including corticosteroids, beta-blockers, and vincristine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on infantile hemangioma identification and management.
  • Analysis of demographic and clinical data related to IH.

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  • Synthesis of current treatment guidelines and evidence for systemic therapies.

    • Main Results:

    • High-risk IHs require careful evaluation to determine the need for intervention.
    • Systemic treatments are crucial for managing IHs posing significant risks.
    • Specific therapeutic agents like beta-blockers have shown efficacy.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate identification and risk stratification are key for optimal IH management.
    • Timely initiation of systemic therapy can prevent severe complications.
    • Further research may refine treatment protocols for infantile hemangiomas.