Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Frequency and Impact of Thyroid Hormone Abnormalities in COVID-19: An Observational Study at the Peak of the Pandemic.

Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes·2026

Same author

Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms and bone mineral density in patients receiving conventional glucocorticoid replacement.

Endokrynologia Polska·2025

Same author

Motor elements of the third month variously predict individual later motor elements.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2025

Same author

Evaluating Zygomatic Implants in Orbital Floor Complications: A Clinical and Anatomical Study.

Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery·2025

Same author

Are head and neck versus abdominal paragangliomas driven by different single nucleotide events?

Journal of applied genetics·2025

Same author

The qualitative motor assessment at three months allows a better prognosis than the traction test.

Scientific reports·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

Ghrelin and obestatin in thyroid dysfunction.

Edyta Gurgul¹, Marek Ruchała, Jerzy Kosowicz

¹Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60–355 Poznan, Poland.

Endokrynologia Polska

|January 23, 2013

Summary

Thyroid disorders alter ghrelin and obestatin levels, with ghrelin potentially compensating for metabolic changes. Obestatin may modulate these processes, showing a positive correlation with ghrelin levels.

More Related Videos

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Research

Background:

Ghrelin regulates energy balance; obestatin's metabolic role is under investigation.
Both peptides originate from the same precursor molecule.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate plasma ghrelin and obestatin level alterations in various thyroid disorders.
To assess the impact of treatment on these peptide levels.

Main Methods:

Plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels were measured in patients with severe hypothyroidism, post-thyroidectomy hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism.
Levels were re-evaluated after treatment and compared to healthy controls.

Main Results:

Hyperthyroidism was linked to significantly lower ghrelin and obestatin levels compared to controls.
Severe hypothyroidism showed a trend towards higher ghrelin levels.
Ghrelin levels correlated positively with TSH and negatively with free thyroid hormones; obestatin levels did not significantly change post-treatment.

Conclusions:

Ghrelin levels significantly change in thyroid dysfunction, suggesting a compensatory role in metabolic disturbances.
The positive correlation between ghrelin and obestatin suggests obestatin may modulate these thyroid-related metabolic processes.