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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
08:54

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 25, 2016

Structural transformations and disordering in zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) at high pressure.

Ashkan Salamat1, Paul F McMillan, Steven Firth

  • 1European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France. salamat@physics.harvard.edu

Inorganic Chemistry
|January 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zirconolite, a mineral for radioactive waste, transforms under high pressure. Studies reveal new phases and a recoverable disordered structure, offering insights into material stability.

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Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route
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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

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Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route
08:26

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route

Published on: April 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Mineral Physics

Background:

  • Zirconolite (CaZrTi(2)O(7)) is a potential ceramic for radionuclide sequestration.
  • Zirconolite can undergo radiation-induced metamictization, leading to amorphous forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the high-pressure structural properties and phase transformations of zirconolite.
  • Assess potential amorphization behavior of zirconolite under extreme conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Combined synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.
  • High-pressure compression experiments.

Main Results:

  • A first-order phase transformation to an intermediate phase (P2(1)/m symmetry) above 15.6 GPa.
  • Formation of a disordered, metastable phase III with a cotunnite-related structure above 56 GPa.
  • This phase III is recoverable to ambient conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Zirconolite exhibits complex phase transformations under high pressure.
  • The observed structural evolution provides insights into zirconolite's stability and behavior in extreme environments.
  • Comparison with analogous pyrochlore systems highlights similarities in structural response.