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Related Concept Videos

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags
09:32

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Published on: September 9, 2014

Negative regulation of human mononuclear phagocyte function.

M Hedl1, C Abraham

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Mucosal Immunology
|January 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages are inhibited to maintain immune balance at mucosal surfaces. Dysregulation can lead to immune system disorders.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Phagocytes, like macrophages, interact with microbes at mucosal surfaces, requiring tight regulation for immune homeostasis.
  • Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) detect microbial products but are subject to negative regulatory mechanisms.
  • Understanding these regulatory pathways is crucial for immune system balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the inhibitory regulation of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-induced macrophage functions.
  • To discuss the consequences of dysregulated macrophage functions.
  • To highlight mechanisms relevant to intestinal macrophages and human studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human genetic disease-association studies.
  • Analysis of in vivo mouse studies using disease models and gene perturbations.

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Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

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Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes
09:13

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Published on: December 16, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags
09:32

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Published on: September 9, 2014

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis
06:27

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Published on: January 2, 2017

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes
09:13

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Published on: December 16, 2019

  • Examination of in vitro and ex vivo human cellular studies on phagocytic cell functions.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified various negative regulatory mechanisms for PRR-induced macrophage activation.
    • Discussed the importance of inhibitory pathways in maintaining immune homeostasis.
    • Highlighted species-specific differences between human and mouse macrophages.

    Conclusions:

    • Inhibitory regulation of PRR-induced macrophage functions is critical for immune homeostasis.
    • Dysregulation of these mechanisms has significant consequences for health.
    • Further research considering human macrophage specificities is essential.