Upper limb functions regained in quadriplegia: a hybrid computerized neuromuscular stimulation system

A new, computerized neuromuscular stimulation system was applied to the upper limbs of two patients with complete quadriplegia below the C4 level. The stimulation-generated movements were integrated and augmented by residual, voluntary shoulder girdle movements and mechanical splinting. Up to 12 muscles were stimulated individually with high-resolution surface electrodes; coordination and control of the stimulation was effected by microcomputer. Simple vocal commands to the computer triggered preprogrammed hand prehensions, arm motion, and other functions, giving the patient complete control over the system. In pilot clinical trials of six weeks, writing, eating, and drinking, including picking up and replacing the pen or cup, were achieved.