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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
Types of Impact01:30

Types of Impact

Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...
Elastic Collisions: Case Study01:15

Elastic Collisions: Case Study

Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
Impact: Problem Solving01:26

Impact: Problem Solving

In an experiment conducted during a Mars mission, a rover propels a projectile with an initial velocity, and the projectile rebounds after colliding with the Martian surface. To ascertain the maximum height attained by the projectile after this collision, the known restitution coefficient and acceleration due to gravity are employed.
By designating the launch point as the origin and utilizing kinematic equations, the vertical component of the projectile's velocity at the point of impact is...
Impulse01:13

Impulse

According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
Additionally, it can be shown that the total...
Types of Collisions - II01:19

Types of Collisions - II

When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
07:30

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

Published on: September 21, 2017

Rebound after rear impacts.

David C Viano1, Chantal S Parenteau, Roger Burnett

  • 1ProBiomechanics LLC, Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304-2952, USA. dviano@comcast.net

Traffic Injury Prevention
|January 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

All Belts To Seat (ABTS) seats cause earlier, higher-velocity occupant rebound in rear-end crashes compared to conventional seats. This increases injury risk by displacing occupants forward, unlike yielding conventional seats that absorb energy.

Area of Science:

  • Automotive Safety Engineering
  • Biomechanics
  • Injury Prevention

Background:

  • Rear-end impacts are a significant source of occupant injury.
  • Occupant rebound after rear impacts is a critical factor in injury causation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate occupant kinematics and rebound characteristics.
  • To compare rebound behavior between All Belts To Seat (ABTS) and conventional seat designs.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted nine rear-end sled tests using a Hybrid III dummy and three seat types (Taurus, Mustang, Sebring ABTS).
  • Analyzed dummy kinematics and biomechanical responses (head/chest acceleration, neck loads, seat belt loads) without sled braking to isolate rebound.
  • Compared kinematic and biomechanical responses between ABTS and conventional seats across varying delta-Vs.

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A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
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A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

Published on: September 25, 2014

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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
07:30

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Published on: September 21, 2017

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
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A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

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Main Results:

  • Head rebound velocity was significantly higher (69 ± 22%) than sled delta-V, particularly with ABTS seats.
  • ABTS seats showed a significantly shorter time to maximum forward excursion (ratio 0.54 ± 0.34) compared to conventional seats.
  • Conventional seats with yielding seat backs absorbed energy, reducing rebound in higher severity tests.

Conclusions:

  • ABTS seats maintain a more upright position, transferring higher loads during rebound.
  • Rebound occurs earlier and at higher velocities with ABTS, increasing forward occupant displacement.
  • Conventional seats offer better energy absorption through yielding in higher severity rear-end crashes.