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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Examination of Pyroptosis by Flow Cytometry
05:14

Examination of Pyroptosis by Flow Cytometry

Published on: May 31, 2024

Apoptosis in pneumovirus infection.

Elske van den Berg1, Job B M van Woensel, Reinout A Bem

  • 1Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. elske.vandenberg@amc.nl

Viruses
|January 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pneumovirus infections trigger apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in lung cells. Understanding this process is key to balancing host defense and limiting lung injury during viral respiratory diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pneumovirus infections cause diverse respiratory illnesses in humans and animals.
  • The airway epithelium is the primary site for pneumovirus replication.
  • Apoptosis (regulated cell death) plays a dual role in antiviral response and lung injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of apoptosis in pneumovirus infections.
  • To examine clinical and experimental data on apoptotic stimuli and cell roles.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting apoptosis in lung infections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and experimental data.
  • Analysis of pro-apoptotic stimuli.
  • Examination of differential apoptotic responses in epithelial and immune cells.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis can limit viral replication but also exacerbate lung injury.
  • Differential apoptosis in epithelial versus immune cells impacts disease pathogenesis.
  • The extent, timing, and location of apoptosis influence disease severity.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptosis is a critical factor in pneumovirus pathogenesis.
  • Targeting apoptosis offers potential therapeutic avenues for lung injury.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex role of apoptosis in viral respiratory diseases.