Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Annual (2024) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm <i>Riboviria</i>: kingdom <i>Orthornavirae</i>: phylum <i>Negarnaviricota</i>).

The Journal of general virology·2025
Same author

Evaluation of Four Humanized NOD-Derived Mouse Models for Dengue Virus-2 Infection.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2024
Same author

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: <i>Arenaviridae</i> 2023.

The Journal of general virology·2023
Same author

Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm <i>Riboviria</i>: kingdom <i>Orthornavirae</i>: phylum <i>Negarnaviricota</i>).

The Journal of general virology·2023
Same author

A Comparison of Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells Derived from Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Xenografted into NOD-Derived Mouse Strains.

Microorganisms·2023
Same author

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

Archives of virology·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment
08:34

Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment

Published on: March 2, 2016

Arenavirus variations due to host-specific adaptation.

Juan C Zapata1, Maria S Salvato

  • 1Institute of Human Virology-School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. jczapata@ihv.umaryland.edu

Viruses
|January 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Arenaviruses exhibit genetic plasticity, allowing them to infect diverse hosts. This review examines viral variation under selective pressures and host-specific adaptations, including newly emerging arenaviruses.

More Related Videos

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells
10:03

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

Published on: August 1, 2013

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Capsid Variants
09:20

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Capsid Variants

Published on: October 18, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment
08:34

Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment

Published on: March 2, 2016

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells
10:03

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

Published on: August 1, 2013

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Capsid Variants
09:20

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Capsid Variants

Published on: October 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Arenaviruses are enveloped viruses with single-strand RNA genomes.
  • Their genetic plasticity enables infection of a wide range of hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review in vitro and in vivo studies on arenavirus genetic and phenotypic variation.
  • To explore the emergence of new arenaviruses and host-specific sequence variations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of in vitro studies examining viral variation under selective pressures (high viral dose, mutagens, antivirals).
  • Review of in vivo variation in Old World arenavirus isolates across different animal species.
  • Examination of sequence variations in newly emerging arenaviruses.

Main Results:

  • Arenavirus genetic plasticity arises from transcription errors, segment reassortment, and genomic packaging.
  • Selective pressures induce significant genetic and phenotypic changes in vitro.
  • In vivo studies reveal host-specific variations in arenavirus isolates.
  • Emerging arenaviruses display sequence variations potentially linked to host adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Arenavirus genetic adaptability is a key factor in their broad host range.
  • Understanding viral variation is crucial for managing arenavirus infections and predicting emergence.
  • Host-specific adaptations play a significant role in arenavirus evolution and emergence.