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Related Concept Videos

Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles01:24

Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

High-throughput Siderophore Screening from Environmental Samples: Plant Tissues, Bulk Soils, and Rhizosphere Soils
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Published on: February 9, 2019

Siderophore conjugates.

Malcolm G P Page1

  • 1Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland. malcolm.page@basilea.com

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|January 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing siderophore-antibiotic conjugates to overcome Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane barriers. While many synthetic conjugates exist, few advance, with one siderophore monosulfactam, BAL30072, now in early clinical trials.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Gram-negative bacteria possess a challenging outer membrane permeability barrier.
  • Siderophore conjugates are investigated as a strategy to enhance antibiotic delivery across this barrier.
  • Natural sideromycins and various synthetic antibiotic conjugates (nucleosides, glycopeptides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams) have been explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of siderophore conjugates in overcoming the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane.
  • To review the progress and challenges in developing synthetic siderophore-antibiotic conjugates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on siderophore conjugates and their antibiotic components.
  • Analysis of synthetic strategies for creating siderophore-antibiotic conjugates.
  • Examination of the progression of these compounds through research and development.

Main Results:

  • Significant research efforts have focused on siderophore conjugates to improve antibiotic efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Despite extensive investigation, few synthetic conjugates have moved beyond experimental stages.
  • The siderophore monosulfactam BAL30072 represents a notable advancement, currently undergoing early clinical studies.

Conclusions:

  • Siderophore conjugation remains a promising, albeit challenging, approach for developing new antibiotics against Gram-negative pathogens.
  • Further development and clinical evaluation of compounds like BAL30072 are crucial to assess their therapeutic potential.
  • Overcoming the outer membrane barrier is key to effective treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections.