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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added together...
Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process01:27

Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process

Free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process. However, there are few differences between free expansion and adiabatic expansion. During free expansion, no work is done, and there is no change in internal energy. But, for an adiabatic expansion, work is done, and there is a change in internal energy. During an adiabatic process, the relation between the pressure and volume is obtained from the condition for the adiabatic process, that is,
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)02:32

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)

For gas-phase equilibria, changes in the concentrations of reactants and products can occur with altered volume and pressure. The partial pressure, P, of an ideal gas is proportional to its molar concentration, M.

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Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite
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Temperature sculpting in yoctoliter volumes.

Joseph E Reiner1, Joseph W F Robertson, Daniel L Burden

  • 1Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA. jereiner@vcu.edu

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new technique to control and measure rapid temperature changes at the single-molecule level using gold nanoparticles and protein ion channels. This method allows for precise manipulation of molecular interactions and opens new avenues for single-molecule thermodynamics and kinetics studies.

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Published on: April 19, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Perturbing molecular ensembles from equilibrium is crucial for understanding chemical and biological reaction mechanisms.
  • Previous methods lacked the precision to control thermal conditions at the single-molecule scale.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate precise control and measurement of rapid temperature changes in fluid volumes relevant to single molecules.
  • To explore the application of localized thermal control for single-molecule studies.

Main Methods:

  • Attaching gold nanoparticles to a single nanometer-scale protein ion channel pore.
  • Using visible laser light to induce rapid temperature increases in the solution near the nanoparticles.
  • Estimating temperature changes via alterations in nanopore ionic conductance.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated rapid and significant temperature increases in the vicinity of single protein ion channels.
  • Observed that temperature shifts influence the interaction of single molecules with the nanopore.
  • Quantified temperature changes by measuring shifts in ionic conductance.

Conclusions:

  • This technique enables precise thermal control at the single-molecule level.
  • The method provides a new tool for studying single-molecule thermodynamics and kinetics.
  • Potential applications include enhanced sensor systems and force measurements.