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Related Concept Videos

The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the primary cell cycle regulators and function at the cell...
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
Positive Regulator Molecules02:39

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

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Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
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Published on: June 14, 2012

Developmental checkpoints and feedback circuits time insect maturation.

Kim F Rewitz1, Naoki Yamanaka, Michael B O'Connor

  • 1Department of Biology, Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Kim.Rewitz@bio.ku.dk

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|January 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Insect growth triggers the steroid hormone ecdysone, initiating metamorphosis. Checkpoints regulate ecdysone production, allowing adaptation to environmental conditions for successful juvenile-to-adult transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Insect physiology

Background:

  • The juvenile-to-adult transition is crucial for reproduction, requiring specific growth milestones.
  • Insect metamorphosis and reproductive maturation are triggered by the steroid hormone ecdysone.
  • Ecdysone production and release are tightly regulated by neuroendocrine mechanisms responding to various signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms coordinating ecdysone production and release.
  • To understand how developmental timing adapts to environmental conditions.
  • To explore the role of checkpoints in regulating the juvenile-adult transition.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neuroendocrine signaling pathways.
  • Investigation of size-related and nutritional cues.
  • Examination of genetic timing programs and signaling pathways modulating ecdysone production.
  • Study of feedforward and feedback signaling cascades initiated by ecdysone release.

Main Results:

  • The neuroendocrine system integrates size, nutritional, and external cues to time ecdysone release.
  • Developmental checkpoints regulate a genetic program for adult transition, allowing environmental adaptation.
  • Signaling pathways modulate ecdysone production in the prothoracic gland.
  • Ecdysone release triggers autonomous feedforward and feedback loops controlling pulse duration.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental checkpoints are key to adapting the juvenile-adult transition to environmental variability.
  • The conserved genetic mechanisms in insects, exemplified by Drosophila, offer a framework for studying metazoan developmental timing.