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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Thyroid hormones and postembryonic development in amniotes.

Guillaume Holzer1, Vincent Laudet

  • 1Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR5242 CNRS, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|January 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) triggers metamorphosis in vertebrates. This study suggests TH also coordinates postembryonic development in non-metamorphosing animals like mammals, indicating a conserved role across species.

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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
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Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
13:43

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

Published on: June 17, 2018

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos
13:54

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Published on: October 10, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Metamorphosis in chordates, like amphibians, is thyroid hormone-dependent.
  • Variations in amphibian development include direct development and neoteny.
  • Thyroid hormone-regulated metamorphosis is conserved in invertebrate chordates, suggesting an ancient vertebrate trait.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose that thyroid hormone (TH) plays a crucial role in postembryonic development of non-metamorphosing vertebrates.
  • To investigate parallels between TH levels in mammals and sauropsids and amphibian metamorphosis.
  • To explore the conserved role of TH in vertebrate development.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of thyroid hormone levels across different vertebrate groups.
  • Review of physiological, behavioral, and ecological observations related to TH signaling.
  • Examination of developmental sequences in amphibians, mammals, and sauropsids.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone signaling is essential for normal development of the intestine and brain in mammals and sauropsids.
  • A peak in TH often precedes the young's independence from parental care.
  • TH peaks correlate with precocial or altricial development, influencing the timing of independence.

Conclusions:

  • Observations in amniotes support a TH-controlled late developmental step enabling adult niche access.
  • All vertebrates may undergo a TH-controlled remodeling period similar to metamorphosis.
  • Thyroid hormone signaling is a fundamental coordinator of postembryonic development across vertebrates.