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Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Skin Biopsy for Diagnosing Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
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Published on: June 10, 2025

[Livedo reticular: classification, causes and differential diagnoses].

Paulo Ricardo Criado1, César Faillace, Lidia Salles Magalhães

  • 1Outpatient Clinic of the Study Group for Vasculitis of the Division of Dermatology of the HC-FMUSP.

Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa
|January 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Livedo reticularis (LR) is a common skin condition presenting as cyanotic discoloration due to cold or systemic disease. This review covers its clinical features, differential diagnosis, and acquired causes.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Vascular Medicine

Context:

  • Livedo reticularis (LR) is a frequent dermatological finding.
  • It manifests as a reticulated cyanotic discoloration of the skin.
  • LR is often triggered by cold exposure or underlying systemic conditions.

Purpose:

  • To review the clinical features of livedo reticularis.
  • To discuss the differential diagnosis of LR.
  • To explore the various acquired causes of livedo reticularis.

Summary:

  • Livedo reticularis results from physiological vasospastic responses.
  • It can be congenital or acquired, with acquired forms including physiological, idiopathic, induced vasospastic, and those related to intravascular or vessel wall diseases.
  • The article details clinical presentations and diagnostic approaches.

Impact:

  • Enhances understanding of livedo reticularis etiology and presentation.
  • Aids clinicians in differentiating LR from other conditions.
  • Provides a comprehensive overview for medical professionals and researchers.