Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Obesity

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Endothelium-derived relaxing factors and converting enzyme inhibition.

The American journal of cardiology·1995

Same author

[Vascular endothelium and vasomotor tonus].

Revue medicale de Liege·1995

Same author

Simultaneous activation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase C induces production of nitric oxide by vascular smooth muscle cells.

Molecular pharmacology·1994

Same author

Inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle.

Arzneimittel-Forschung·1994

Same author

Insulin-like growth factor I inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Circulation research·1994

Same author

Nomenclature of calcium channels and channel modulators: IUPHAR classification.

Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology·1993

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

[Endothelial dysfunction in obesity].

P M Vanhoutte¹

¹Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 2/F Laboratory Block, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong. vanhoutt@hku.hk

Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises

|January 26, 2013

Summary

Obesity increases pro-inflammatory adipokines and decreases beneficial adiponectin. This leads to endothelial dysfunction, reducing nitric oxide and increasing vasoconstrictor prostaglandins, impacting cardiovascular health.

More Related Videos

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

Published on: February 25, 2016

Isolation and Identification of Vascular Endothelial Cells from Distinct Adipose Depots for Downstream Applications

Isolation and Identification of Vascular Endothelial Cells from Distinct Adipose Depots for Downstream Applications

Published on: June 10, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

Published on: February 25, 2016

Isolation and Identification of Vascular Endothelial Cells from Distinct Adipose Depots for Downstream Applications

Isolation and Identification of Vascular Endothelial Cells from Distinct Adipose Depots for Downstream Applications

Published on: June 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Cardiovascular Science
Metabolic Research

Context:

Rising global obesity rates present a significant public health challenge.
Obesity alters adipose tissue function, releasing pro-inflammatory mediators.
Reduced adiponectin levels in obesity are linked to adverse metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes.

Purpose:

To elucidate the mechanisms by which obesity-induced changes in adipokines contribute to endothelial dysfunction.
To examine the impact of altered adipokine profiles on nitric oxide and prostaglandin production.
To understand the role of endothelial dysfunction in obesity-related cardiovascular complications.

Summary:

Obesity is characterized by increased pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) and lipocalin-2, and decreased anti-inflammatory adiponectin.
These adipokine imbalances impair endothelial cell function, leading to reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability.
Obesity also promotes the production of vasoconstrictor prostaglandins (EDCFs), contributing to vascular smooth muscle contraction via TP receptor activation.

Impact:

Obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in the development of cardiovascular disease.
Understanding these molecular pathways can inform therapeutic strategies targeting obesity-related vascular complications.
Adipokine modulation may offer a novel approach to improve endothelial function and cardiovascular health in obese individuals.